{"id":7446,"date":"2026-04-10T21:40:10","date_gmt":"2026-04-10T19:40:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/nederlandsetempeliers.nl\/without-order\/"},"modified":"2026-08-27T11:40:50","modified_gmt":"2026-08-27T09:40:50","slug":"without-order","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/nederlandsetempeliers.nl\/en\/without-order\/","title":{"rendered":"Without order"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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Without order<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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When there was not yet order, nor any Rule\u2026

<\/strong>
Not all stories begin in order.
This small handwritten manuscript, written at the beginning of the 18th century, looks back on the First Crusade \u2014
a time in which many set out, burning with faith, yet without unity, without leadership.
<\/p>

On these pages we do not read a tale of heroes, but what came before: confusion, division, and the absence of structure.
Page by page, an image unfolds here of a world still searching \u2014 for direction, for authority\u2026 for order. <\/p>

What you see here is not a typical explanatory page. Before you lies a French manuscript from the year 1705, in which an unknown author \u2014 we believe a monk \u2014 reflects on the early developments leading up to the First Crusade. A small manuscript \u2014 with a great story.
On this page, the text is revealed step by step. <\/p>

Per page you will find:
\u2013 on the left: a transcription of the original Old French text
\u2013 on the right: a translation into clear, accessible English
\u2013 below: a brief interpretation and explanation<\/p>

The complete text is not presented all at once, but unfolds in sections of five pages.
Between these sections, markers in time indicate how the story develops.
The manuscript consists of a total of 126 pages.
The full text is not published at once, but grows over time \u2014 page by page. <\/p>

Each Friday, we continue along the path of the First Crusade \u2014
with Godfrey of Bouillon, with Peter the Hermit,
we hear Pope Urban II, we travel to Constantinople, to Emperor Alexius\u2026
and so on \u2014 step by step \u2014 towards the goal.
The story will continue to unfold for those who return.<\/p>

Walk with us \u2014 into the First Crusade\u2026<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Author\u2019s note: a brief summary of the history of the Holy War.
This is the beginning of the Crusade: how Godfrey of Bouillon took Jerusalem and was proclaimed king \u2014 yet refused the title.
On July 15, in the year of Our Lord 1099, on a Friday, at the very hour that Christ gave up His spirit.
After this, the kingdom was ruled by nine kings, all of French origin.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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c. 1080<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Original text (French)
Page 1.
L\u2019origine des Turcs les Turcs \u00e9toient une nations qui habitoit ci devant
dans une isle, qui se nomoit
Sarmadia Assiatica. Est de l\u00e0 ils se sont retirez dans un endroit qui se nome la Mar\u00e9e Caspium, o\u00f9 cette
endroit porte encore le Nom aujourd\u2019huy Turquestan, l\u00e0 ces peuples s\u2019entretenoient seulement de ce qu\u2019ils y eslioient. Sur tout quand ils se fesoit quelque desordre
dans\u2026 <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Page 1
The Turks were a people who once lived on an island,
called Sarmadia Asiatica.
From there, they withdrew
to a region near what is called the Caspian Sea,
where that land still bears the name Turkestan.
There, these people concerned themselves only
with what they cultivated and produced.*
Especially when unrest arose
in\u2026 <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Note: The English translation is accurate in content, but more strongly phrased than the original French text, which may cause a subtle nuance present in the original to be lost.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Original text (French)
Page 2.
\u2026dans les Royaumes voisins
Ils prenoient le parti de servir en qualit\u00e9 de Soldats. Ils s\u2019entretenoient seulement
du pillage qu\u2019ils rapportoient dans leur territoire. Dans le tems de l\u2019Empereur Otto 3. ce peuple ont est\u00e9 pris \u00e0 la solde par Mahomel, qui \u00e9toit Sultan Sarasin dans la Perse, dont l\u2019on \u00e9toit en guerre contre les Babyl- loniens, qui les appella
\u00e0 son secours. Sur la fin de\u2026 <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Page 2
\u2026in the neighbouring kingdoms, they chose to serve as soldiers. They lived solely from the plunder which they carried back to their own territory. In the time of Emperor Otto III,
this people was taken into service by Mahomel (Mahomet \/ Mohammed),
who was a Sultan and Saracen in Persia, where war was being waged against the Babylonians, who had called upon them for aid.
Towards the end of\u2026 <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Explanation (Page 2)
\u201cMahomel\u201d \u2192 likely a French form of Mahomet, meaning Mohammed.
It may also refer to a later Islamic ruler; the context develops further on.
Otto III reigned from 983\u20131002 \u2192 thus before the Crusades. The author appears to describe an early origin of Turkish soldiers in Persian service.
\u201cBabylonians\u201d \u2192 here likely used as a general term for peoples east of the Levant.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Page 3
\u2026de la Campagne ils n\u2019ont point voulu cesser ny retourner dans leur isle d\u2019o\u00f9 ils \u00e9toit venu, tant que cette nation \u00e9toient esfarouch\u00e9s et alter\u00e9s du sang humain et la guerre ne cessa qu\u2019aux
que le Roi de Perse et le Sultan de Babylone fut vaincu dont ils ont in-
corpor\u00e9 ces deux Royaumes la Perse et Babilone, dans la Syrie et la Palestine dont Jerusalem \u00e9toit de la d\u00e9pen-
dance, se voyant aussi puissant\u2026<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Page 3
\u2026after the campaign they did not wish to cease nor return to the island from which they had come, because this people had become so wild and thirsty for human blood. The war only ended when the king of Persia and the sultan of Babylon had been defeated, after which they incorporated these two kingdoms, Persia and Babylon, into Syria and Palestine, upon which Jerusalem depended.
Now, seeing themselves as so powerful\u2026<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Page 3:\u00a0 The author here follows a (legendary) origin story of the Turks, in which they depart from an \u201cAsian island\u201d \u2192 move to the region around the Caspian Sea \u2192 then fight as mercenaries \u2192 and ultimately conquer Persia and Babylon, expanding into Syria & Palestine.
This is, of course, not a historically accurate reconstruction, but rather the well-known 17th\u201318th century European tradition of \u201cTurkish origin\u201d narratives.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Page 4
Puissants ils ne se sont pas contants de cette belle conqu\u00eate, ils ont encore envahi, per, dans la petite Asie, o\u00f9
estoit le grand et renomm\u00e9 Sultan Solimans, ils lui ont pris le Royaume
de Pontume, auquel ils ont donn\u00e9 le nom d\u2019Turcomanian, et la Capadoc, la Bithiniem et firent la guerre jusqu\u2019au
regne de l\u2019Empereur Henri. 4. et firent leur residence \u00e0 Nicea l\u2019ann\u00e9e 1081<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Powerful as they were, they were not satisfied with this great conquest; they advanced into Asia Minor, where the great and renowned Sultan Soliman reigned; they took from him the kingdom of Pontus, to which they gave the name Turkomania, as well as Cappadocia and Bithynia, and they waged war until the time of Emperor Henry IV, establishing their residence in Nicaea in the year 1081.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Page 4: Soliman \/ Solimans<\/strong>
This refers to Suleiman ibn Qutulmish \u2192 better known as Suleiman I of R\u00fbm, founder of the Seljuk Sultanate of R\u00fbm.
Historically, this is accurate: he conquered parts of Asia Minor, including Nicaea.<\/p>

Nicaea (Nicaea \/ Iznik)<\/strong>
Became a Turkish capital in 1081 \u2192 correctly dated.<\/p>

Henry IV (Heinrich IV)<\/strong>
Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire (1056\u20131105).
The author uses him as a time marker \u2192 shortly before the First Crusade.<\/p>

Pontus \/ Cappadocia \/ Bithynia<\/strong>
Historical regions in Asia Minor.<\/p>

Turcomanian \u2192 Turcomania<\/strong>
A term used in older European sources for regions where Turkish nomads (Turkmen) settled.<\/p>

This page therefore describes how the Turks \u2014 after their conquests in Persia\/Mesopotamia \u2014 moved further towards Asia Minor under Suleiman, establishing Nicaea as their capital.<\/p>

This leads historically to the situation just before the Crusade of 1096\u20131099.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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C\u2019est l\u00e0 o\u00f9 Mahomet a \u00e9tabli une Loi \u00e0 son nom, qui subsiste encore aujourd\u2019huy et a quitt\u00e9 celle de Sarasin ou Greque, mais ils n\u2019ont pas quitt\u00e9 leurs mauvaises inclinations Barbare et Tyranne, c\u2019est pourquoi que les Chr\u00e9tiens qui \u00e9toient sous leurs Domination avoient beaucoup \u00e0 Souffrir, bien plus que quand ils \u00e9toient
Sarasin.
Dans ce tems l\u00e0 il arriva que dans la quantit\u00e9 de Pelerins qui viaggioit journellement\u2026<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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It was there that Mohammed established a law in his name, which still exists today, and through which they abandoned the former law of the Saracens or the Greeks.
But they did not abandon their evil, barbaric and tyrannical inclinations;
therefore the Christians who lived under their rule suffered greatly \u2014 even more than when they were still Saracens.
At that time, it happened that among the great number of pilgrims who travelled daily\u2026<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Page 5 \u2013 Mahomet \/ Mohammed<\/p>


The author makes a distinction \u2192 before: \u201csarazin ou greque\u201d (that is: earlier Eastern religions\/cultures) \u2192 after: Islamic law (\u201cLoi \u00e0 son nom\u201d).
Describing Islam as \u201cestablished by Mohammed\u201d is typical of the pre-Enlightenment mindset:
\u2192 Islam = a divisive innovation \u2192 departure from the older world order
Lead-up to the pilgrims \u2192 Pierre l\u2019Hermite \u2192 Crusade
The sentence ends with:
\u201camong the great number of pilgrims who travelled daily\u2026\u201d
An introduction to:
\u2192 pilgrims are mistreated \u2192 Europe reacts \u2192 Crusade
We are now, in terms of content, just before the First Crusade (1096).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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d\u2019Occident \u00e0 la terre Sainte
dont entre autre il s\u2019y trouva un Religieux qui se nomoit Pierre l\u2019Hermite, il \u00e9toit l\u2019ermite d\u2019Amiens, qui fit plusieurs fois le voyage de la
terre Sainte dont il vit la miserable situation o\u00f9 les Chr\u00e9tiens \u00e9toient, entre les mains de ces Barbares. Il prit l\u2019occasion d\u2019en parler \u00e0 Simon
Patriarche de Jerusalem et ils en tinrent une Conference, et il le pria d\u2019avoir la bont\u00e9 de lui prester la main dans cette\u2026<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Page 6
\u2026from the West to the Holy Land. Among them was a cleric named Peter the Hermit; he was the hermit of Amiens and made several journeys to the Holy Land.
There he saw the miserable condition in which the Christians lived, in the hands of these barbarians.
He seized the opportunity to speak about this with Simon, the Patriarch of Jerusalem, and they held a conversation; in which he asked him to have the kindness to assist him in this\u2026<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Page 6 \u2013 Prelude to the First Crusade

1. Pierre l\u2019Hermite (Peter the Hermit)
According to medieval tradition, he played an important role in:
\u2013 witnessing the misery in the Holy Land
\u2013 stirring the crusading spirit in Europe
\u2192 initiator of the Crusade

\u2022 \u2192 The situation is severe \u2192 Christians = suffering, innocent
\u2192 Muslims = cruel, barbaric (note: this reflects the medieval source perspective)
\u2192 A holy man sees this
\u2192 He cannot remain silent
\u2192 He acts \u2192 contact \u2192 consultation \u2192 action

2. \u201cPatriarch of Jerusalem\u201d Here: Simon \u2014 the spiritual supporter of the Crusade. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Page 7
cette affaire, qu\u2019il eut seulement la bont\u00e9 d\u2019en \u00e9crire au Pape, de le faire \u00e0 savoir aux Princes de l\u2019Europe que pour lui de son c\u00f4t\u00e9 il se portoit fort d\u2019exciter les Courones de l\u2019Occidentet de faire une exp\u00e9dition contre les Turcs et de conqu\u00e9rir la terre Sainte.
Le Pape Urbain 2 se signala de tenir un Congr\u00e9 \u00e0 Piacenza par l\u2019avis de
l\u2019Empereur Henri IV l\u00e0 o\u00f9 tous les Embassadeurs de l\u2019Europe, m\u00eame ceux de\u2026<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Page 7
In this matter\u2026 so that he only had the kindness to write about it to the Pope,
to inform him of it, and to the princes of Europe, that for his part he was prepared to call upon the crowns of the West to undertake an expedition against the Turks
and to conquer the Holy Land.
Pope Urban II resolved to hold an assembly in Piacenza, on the advice of Emperor Henry IV, to which all the ambassadors of Europe came,
even those of\u2026<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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We now find ourselves at an important historical transition:

\u2192 from Pierre the Hermit \u2192 to Pope Urban II
\u2192 the step from spiritual signal \u2192 to political action

\u2705 1. Urban II & the Council of Piacenza (March 1095)
\u00b7 the situation of Christians in the East,
\u00b7 the appeal of the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I for help against the Turks.
The next council \u2014 Clermont \u2014
became the moment when the crusade was officially proclaimed.

We read:
\u00b7 The \u201cbont\u00e9\u201d \u2192 the humility of Pierre the Hermit
\u00b7 That he followed the proper path: Pope \u2192 princes
\u00b7 That the Pope acted immediately

\u2705 3. The crowns of the West \u2014 the term emphasizes that the project:
\u2192 was European & Christian \u2192 not merely French, German, etc.
The symbolic value of the crusade: \u2192 one Christendom, one purpose.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Page 8
de Constantinople y ont paru, et par apr\u00e8s \u00e0 Clermont en Auvergne, l\u00e0 o\u00f9 on y tint deux Conseils tant pour tout
l\u2019\u00c9glise, que pour bien des autres chose, mais sur tout au sujet de la guerre contre ces Barbares, pour retirer la terre Sainte de leur mains.
L\u2019on a conclu d\u2019accorder une
indulgence plenierre \u00e0 tous ceux qui s\u2019offroient \u00e0 cette entreprise, mais encore tous leurs biens et leurs personnes m\u00eame sous la protection du\u2026<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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\u2026from Constantinople came there, and afterwards to Clermont in Auvergne, where
two councils were held, both for the whole
Church, and for many other matters,
but especially with regard to the war
against these Barbarians, in order to free the Holy Land from their hands.
It was decided to grant a full indulgence
to all those who offered themselves
for this undertaking, and moreover to place
their goods and their persons under the protection of\u2026<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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2 Councils:

1: March 1095 in Piacenza
2: Clermont, November 1095
The moment when Pope Urban II officially proclaimed the Crusade.
Full indulgence (indulgentia plenaria):
Whoever took part to liberate Jerusalem
\u21d2 received forgiveness of all sins

This required:
\u2192 going with pure intention
\u2192 and fighting for the Holy Sepulchre
If someone went on crusade \u2192
his family & possessions were placed under the protection of the Church

This was meant to prevent:
\u2192 families becoming vulnerable
\u2192 possessions being seized<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Page 9
du Pape et de l\u2019\u00c9glise, et tous ceux qui \u00e9toient homme de guerre ou qui savoient manier les armes, refuseroient de mettre l\u2019\u00e9p\u00e9e \u00e0 la main seroient
bannie de l\u2019\u00c9glise et m\u00eame
excommuni\u00e9.
L\u2019on donna ordre \u00e0 tous les \u00c9v\u00eaques de
donner de pr\u00eacher dans tous les
endroits de leur Dioc\u00e8se, afin d\u2019animer le peuple \u00e0 cette entreprise, et tous ceux qui auront pris la resolution de cette
exp\u00e9dition fussent marqu\u00e9 d\u2019une Croix rouge qu\u2019on leurs\u2026<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Page 9
\u2026by the Pope and by the Church; and all those who were warriors or who knew how to handle weapons and refused to take up the sword, would be banished from the Church and even excommunicated.
All bishops were ordered to preach throughout every part of their diocese in order to encourage the people towards this undertaking.
And all those who decided to take part in this expedition were marked with a red cross which was\u2026<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Page 9.
The rhetoric is: the Holy Sepulchre is so important \u2192 that whoever is able to fight but refuses \u2192 acts against God Himself.

Preaching spread throughout the entire Diocese. This was carried by: bishops, priests, and popular preachers such as Pierre l\u2019Hermite.

THE RED CROSS. The participants of the crusade received a red cross upon their clothing \/ mantle and\/or upon the shoulder.
This was the original and only official sign of the crusader \u2192 crucesignatus = \u201cmarked with the cross.\u201d
This is where the crusading identity emerged. This red cross became the origin of the word crois\u00e9 (crusader).

Note: this reflected the scholarship of 1705. Later research revealed that the red cross was only officially granted by the Pope between 1144\u20131147.
Likewise: during the time of the Crusades themselves, they did not call it a \u201cCrusade.\u201d That name was only given much later.
Paus Urbanus II spoke of: \u201cIter Hierosolymitanum\u201d \u2014 the journey to Jerusalem.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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1096<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Page 10
attach\u00e9e sur l\u2019\u00e9paule, c\u2019est par l\u00e0 qu\u2019est devenu le nom de la Croissade.
L\u2019on ne peut exprimer l\u2019effet que ces pr\u00e9dicateurs ont op\u00e9r\u00e9 dans si peu de
tems de tous les Royaumes d\u2019Occident le peuple y accourut \u00e0 grande foule, et
receurent la marque de la croix, quelqu\u2019un d\u2019un vrai zele de voir et d\u2019adorer le vrai sepulchre de Jesus
Christ, et de le retirer des mains des infidelles\u2026<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Page 10
\u2026attached upon the shoulder; from this came the name \u201cCrusade.\u201d
It is impossible to describe the effect these preachers produced in such a short time throughout all the kingdoms of the West: the people came running in great crowds and received the sign of the cross.
Out of a true fire and longing
to see and venerate the true tomb of Jesus Christ
and to free it from the hands of the unbelievers\u2026<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Page 10.
C\u2019est par l\u00e0 qu\u2019est devenu le nom la Croissade.
\u2192 This refers to the red cross-sign
\u2192 The French word croisade comes from croix (cross)
\u2192 The bearer = crois\u00e9
Le peuple y accourut \u00e0 grande foule = the call of Urbanus II unleashed a mass movement.

Again: this is not how people spoke about it in 1097 \u2014 this terminology only emerged around the 13th century.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Page 11
d\u2019autres par curiosit\u00e9, d\u2019autres par s\u00e9culantise, et de paresse pour \u00eatre exanter du travail et de paier leur dettes qu\u2019ils avoit fait dans leur libertinage et debauche, c\u2019est l\u00e0 ils prenoient leur pr\u00e9teste jus\u2019qua aux femmes et les
enfans qu\u2019ils ne voulurent pas \u00eatre exempt de ce voyage et hors du nombre de la croisade. Enfin que l\u2019arm\u00e9e qui
s\u2019avoit assembl\u00e9 de tous l\u2019occident comme dit de grand historiens, Wilhelin Malmesburg<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Page 11
\u2026others out of curiosity, others out of worldliness, or out of laziness, to be exempt from labour and to escape the debts they had accumulated through their debauchery and excess. They seized upon every pretext,
to the point that they would not even
leave women and children behind from this journey, but counted them among the numbers of the crusade. In short, the army that gathered from all the West, as great historians say, among them William of Malmesbury\u2026<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Page 11.
William of Malmesbury \u2192 he (\u2020 c. 1143) was an important English chronicler. His work is one of the great Latin sources describing the Crusades.
That the writer refers to him
\u2192 shows that he bases his account upon respected tradition
\u2192 or at least seeks to connect it to recognised authority.
Note:
It is exceptional that a school\/semi-monastic manuscript explicitly cites a specific historian!
This means that the writer was not a thoughtless reteller, but someone who understood that written authority matters.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Page 12
Malmesbourg qui l\u2019a vu et qui \u00e9toit de ce tems l\u00e0 fait le nombre de 5 millions d\u2019\u00e2mes \u00e0 porter les Armes. Mais le malheur \u00e9toit qu\u2019 il y avoit un tr\u00e8s grand d\u00e9sordre dans tous ces diff\u00e9rentes
nations, chacun vouloit \u00eatre ma\u00eetre.
1\u00ba qu\u2019il n\u2019y avoit personne pour commander l\u2019arm\u00e9e en chef, chaque seigneur qui avoit pris la marque de la
croix \u00e9toit pour lui seul et faisoit avec ses gens tout ce\u2026<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Page 12.
William of Malmesbury, who witnessed it
and who belonged to that time, says that the number of five million souls was able to bear arms.
But the misfortune was that there was great
disorder among all these different nations, for each man wanted to be master.
1\u00ba There was no one who commanded the army
as a whole; each lord who had taken the cross
acted for himself and did with his men whatever he wished\u2026<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Page 12. During the early First Crusade, there was no supreme commander, but several leaders:
\u2022 Godfrey of Bouillon
\u2022 Raymond of Toulouse
\u2022 Bohemond
\u2022 Tancred
\u2022 Robert of Normandy
etc.
\u2192 each had his own troops
\u2192 there was no central command
This gives the manuscript historical accuracy.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Page 13
ce qu\u2019il jugeo\u00eet \u00e0 propos, quoique la plus grande autorit\u00e9 avoit \u00e9t\u00e9 donn\u00e9e en
mains de GottFroi de Bouillon, mais il n\u2019avoit pas le commandement en Chef, mais seulement comme premier
Conseiller de guerre.
2\u00bame \u00e9toit que l\u2019on ne s\u2019entreparloit pas l\u2019un et l\u2019autre comment ou quand l\u2019on commencerout la guerre contre les Turcs, mais chacun faisoit comme bon lui sembloit \u00e0 la garde de Dieu.\u201c<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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\u201c…what he considered good, although the highest authority had been placed in the hands of Godfrey of Bouillon, yet he did not hold supreme command; he was merely regarded as the first
counsellor of war.
The second point was that they did not consult one another about how or when they should begin the war against the Turks; rather, each man did what seemed right to him, under the protection of God.\u201d<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Page 13.<\/p>

Godfrey of Bouillon
Here, something very interesting is being said \u2192 he possessed the highest authority, but not supreme command.<\/p>

Historically, this is correct: there was no official supreme commander. Godfrey was regarded as primus inter pares \u2014 \u201cfirst among equals.\u201d His prestige was immense, yet he did not possess absolute power.<\/p>

He is described here as premier conseiller de guerre \u2014 \u201cfirst counsellor of war.\u201d In other words, he is portrayed as:
\u2192 a moral leader
\u2192 not a military dictator.
Godfrey is therefore presented as humble, pious, and serving rather than ruling.<\/p>

Later chronicles would portray him almost as a saint, and this manuscript fits well within that tradition.<\/p>

\u201c\u2026they did not speak together about how or when they would begin\u2026\u201d \u2192 this is a very accurate characterization of the early Crusade.<\/p>

\u2192 the leaders were rivals
\u2192 planning was lacking
\u2192 faith outweighed logistics
\u2192 yet everything progressed \u201cunder the protection of God\u201d
\u2192 despite human shortcomings.<\/p>

Likewise: \u201cchacun faisoit comme bon lui sembloit \u00e0 la garde de Dieu.\u201d<\/p>

\u2192 each man did as he thought best
\u2192 trusting in God
\u2192 acting freely, yet beneath God\u2019s protection.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Page 14
Sans savoir ce qu\u2019il avoit de soin de faire, ou de s\u2019allier avec les autres. 5\u1d49\u1d50\u1d49. Ils savoient qu\u2019ils seroient obligez de passer sur le territoire \u00e9tranger, et que l\u2019on ne s\u2019\u00e9toit pas pr\u00e9caution\u00e9 comme, et o\u00f9 l\u2019on pourroit avoir des vivres, pour l\u2019entretien des troupes: mais ils ont laiss\u00e9 venir les affaires jusqu\u2019\u00e0 la derni\u00e8re extr\u00e9mit\u00e9.
C\u2019\u00e9toit une tr\u00e8s grande faute qui a caus\u00e9 une si mauvaise cons\u00e9quence. Avant que de…<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Page 14
Without knowing what they were to do, or how they were to unite themselves with the others. 5th. They knew that they would be forced to travel through foreign lands, and that no provision had been made concerning how or where food and supplies could be obtained for the maintenance of the troops; yet matters were allowed to continue to the very extreme.<\/p>

This was a very great mistake, one that had terrible consequences. Before one\u2026<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Page 14
Here it is explained that little to no precautionary measures had been taken, due to a lack of experience.
This was the First Crusade. They were travelling through unknown lands \u2014 for the very first time. In other words: piety alone is not enough; wisdom and foresight are also required.<\/p>

It is a warning: God may guide you \u2014 but He does not cook your meals for you \u2192 Holy goals also require worldly wisdom.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Page 15
et parler de cette affaire nous ferons le d\u00e9tail comme les troupes se sont partag\u00e9.
Le 1\u1d49\u02b3 Convoi, et l\u2019auteur de cette entreprise qui se nomma Pierre l\u2019hermite, qui voulut \u00eatre Pr\u00eatre et General en m\u00eame tems, mais
comme les troupes \u00e9toient trop puissante ils donna 100000 hommes tous bon guerriers a un Gentil home fran\u00e7ois nomm\u00e9 Gualtaro qui veut dire en fran\u00e7ois. Sans avoir. Car ils \u00e9toient tres<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Page 15
And to speak about this matter, we shall explain how the troops were divided. The first column, and the instigator of this enterprise, who was called Peter the Hermit, wanted to be both priest and general at the same time; but because the troops were too numerous, he gave 100,000 men, all good fighters, to a gentilhomme (nobleman) of French origin, named Gualtaro,
which in French would mean \u201cWithout possessions \/ Without wealth.\u201d For they were very \u2026<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Page 15<\/p>

Here the manuscript looks back on the People\u2019s Crusade. This was the crusade before the First Crusade itself. It was unorganised. The initiator was Pierre l\u2019Hermite = Peter the Hermit. His followers were divided into several groups\/columns. His forces were enormous: 100,000 warriors. A priest is not trained to command 100,000 men in war, no matter how pious his intentions may be. Peter\u2019s ambition was great. He wished to be both priest and<\/strong> military leader at the same time.<\/p>

From this came a very important turning point. Through failure and suffering it became clear that the Crusades needed proper military leadership => Here it became clear that monk-knights were needed.<\/strong>
Faith combined with military discipline = a Holy fighting force. The birth of the Knights Templar.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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1097<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Page 16
tr\u00e8s pauvres, il marchoit avec ses troupes qui \u00e9toient compos\u00e9e que de 800 Cavaliers
et 6000 hommes de pied. Tel \u00e9toit les pr\u00e9parations. Ils pass\u00e8rent par l\u2019Allemagne,
et la Hongrie en paix. Mais comme l\u2019argent commen\u00e7oit \u00e0 manquer, et qu\u2019ils avoient
presque tous depens\u00e9 ce qu\u2019 ils avoient pris avec eux, et lors qu\u2019ils furent arrivez dans la Servie et de l\u00e0 dans la Bulgarie, les troupes se mirent \u00e0 piller et \u00e0 ravager.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Page 16
Very poor, he marched onward with his troops, who consisted only of 800 horsemen and 6000 men on foot. Such were the preparations.
They travelled peacefully through Germany
and Hungary. But as soon as the money
began to run out and they had spent almost everything they had brought with them and when they had arrived in Serbia and from there
into Bulgaria, the troops began to plunder and destroy.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Page 16
The People\u2019s Crusade was poor and badly organised. At first the troops marched peacefully. But once their money was gone, they fell into plundering.
Their pious mission lost its holiness because human lack of order and discipline led to moral decline.
This became a lesson for the next Crusade.

<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Page 17
pour avoir dequoi \u00e0 vivre. Les habitants de la Bulgarie se sont assembl\u00e9e, et ont ma-
sacr\u00e9 la plus grande partie des fr\u00e8res de la croisade. Les ont poursuitt jusqu\u2019\u00e0 dans les
bois et for\u00eats sauvages, l\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils ont souffert la faim et la mis\u00e8re, jusques\u2019ils sont arriv\u00e9 \u00e0 Constantinople, l\u00e0 o\u00f9 l\u2019Empereur Alexius leurs a fournie des vivres pour les rafraichir et continuer leur
route, mais ils camperent longtems hors de la ville,<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Page 17
To obtain food, the inhabitants of Bulgaria gathered together and slaughtered the greater part of the brothers of the crusade. They pursued them deep into the forests and wilderness, where they suffered hunger and misery, until they arrived in Constantinople. There Emperor Alexius provided them with food so that they could regain their strength and continue their journey, but they remained outside the city for a long time.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Page 17
They came into conflict with the Bulgarian population, who rose up against them, forcing them to flee into the forests. Only a small number eventually reached Constantinople, exhausted. There Emperor Alexius provided them with food and rest, BUT he made them camp outside the city walls. The lesson is clear: whoever fails to bring faith into order becomes the cause of chaos himself.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Page 18
…parce qu\u2019ils furent obligez d\u2019attendre leurs commande- ment, qui \u00e9toit dispers\u00e9
aussi bien qu\u2019eux.
2\u1d48\u1d49\u1d50\u1d49 Convois de 4000 Soldats, la plus grande partie des Lorrains, Bavarois et Moraviens, avec les Autrichiens, la plus grande partie \u00e9toient des Brigands que conduisoit Pierre l\u2019hermite, que l\u2019on tenoit dans ce tems l\u00e0 pour un grand Proph\u00e8te et un Saint tr\u00e8s particulier, avec la Croix \u00e0 la main, mais il<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Page 18.
…because they were obliged to wait for their leaders, who were just as scattered as they were.
The second column consisted of 4,000 soldiers, mainly from Lorraine, Bavaria, and Moravia, together with some Austrians. Most of them were brigands and plunderers, under the leadership of Peter the Hermit, who at that time was regarded as a great prophet and an exceptionally holy man, carrying the Cross in his hand, but he…<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Page 18
The second column consisted of 4,000 men from Central Europe. Most were plunderers, led by Peter the Hermit, who was seen by the people of his day as a prophet and holy man, carrying the Cross in his hand…<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Page 19
n\u2019avoit pas la connoissance des affaires de la guerre, ce qui fit que ses troupes furent
d\u00e9faites \u00e0 Nicom\u00e9die par les Turcs, o\u00f9 presque tous furent tu\u00e9s, et lui avec quelques
uns s\u2019enfuirent \u00e0 C. pol.
Cependant les Princes de l\u2019Europe commen\u00e7oient \u00e0 s\u2019avancer avec leurs troupes bien \u00e9quip\u00e9es et en ordre, nous en parlerons
cy-apr\u00e8s.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Page 19.
…had no knowledge of warfare, which caused his troops near Nicaea to be defeated by the Turks. Almost all were killed, and he himself fled with a few survivors to Constantinople.
Meanwhile, the princes of Europe began to set their well-equipped and disciplined armies in motion \u2014 of which we shall speak later.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Page 19.
The Battle near Nicaea (Nicaea is the present-day \u0130znik in Turkey.) The disorganized forces of Peter the Hermit were completely slaughtered by the Turks under the command of Sultan Kilij Arslan. Only a handful of survivors, together with Peter the Hermit himself, managed to escape back to Constantinople.
Thus ended the People’s Crusade in disaster.<\/p>

The kings and nobles of Europe saw this \u2014 but above all, so did the Pope ! HERE lies the seed of the Templar ideal. <\/strong>For what follows in history is a generation of knights who learned:<\/p>

“We shall fight for God \u2014 but with knowledge, order, and discipline.”<\/p>

Born to ORDER HOLY STRENGTH, so that it does not descend into chaos and evil.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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1097<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Ses troupes qui n\u2019\u00e9toient pas de son commandement de piller tout ce qu\u2019ils y pourroient trouver. Sur cela, comme de
raison, ils furent attaquez des Hongrois et qui ont tomber sur eux et en ont tu\u00e9 1000,
et les autres mis en desordre.
Leurs or et leurs argent et bagages furent pillez, que le reste qui avoit pris la fuite furent oblig\u00e9 de mendier leur pain en chemin jusque \u00e0 Constantinople.
Comme ceux-ci furent arriv\u00e9\u2026<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Page 20
His troops, who were not under his direct command, began to plunder everything
they could find. As a result, and rightly so,
they were attacked by the Hungarians,
who fell upon them and killed a thousand of them, while the others fell into disorder.
Their gold, silver, and baggage were plundered, and the survivors, who fled for their lives, were forced to beg for bread on their way to Constantinople.
When they finally arrived there…<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Page 20.
Historical Echo, the People’s Crusade of Walter Sans-Avoir and Peter the Hermit passed through Hungary and Bulgaria, where they repeatedly clashed with local populations who regarded them as looters.
Thousands were slaughtered near Belgrade and Ni\u0161.

This marks the lowest point of human chaos: the moment when a pious multitude is reduced to beggars.
Yet this is not the end, but rather the moment of purification within the story \u2014
the necessary humiliation before rebuilding can begin.
For from this grows the conviction that a holy struggle is only possible through:
\u2022 order
\u2022 obedience
\u2022 discipline
\u2022 leadership

This is the moment when the ideal of the monastic knight emerges out of necessity.
What follows is the breath of silence after the storm: the moment when the lesson finally sinks in:
NEVER AGAIN LIKE THIS!<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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L\u2019Empereur Alexius leurs demanda de se joindre avec les autres troupes de Sansavoir qui \u00e9toient arriv\u00e9es avant eux, et de se reposer, d\u2019attendre leurs autres camarades; mais comme ils
\u00e9toient repos\u00e9 ils se mirent comme auparavant \u00e0 voler et \u00e0 ravager.
Alors Alexius ne les voulut pas souffrir
davantage, et les obligea de partir pour l\u2019Asie, et d\u2019aller trouver leurs ennemis. \u00c9tant arriv\u00e9s en Asie, il s\u2019y assembla
toute sorte de nations, et\u2026<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Page 21
Emperor Alexios asked them to join the other troops from Sansavoir, who had arrived before them, to rest and wait for their fellow companions.
But as soon as they had recovered their strength, they once again began to steal and plunder.
Alexios could no longer tolerate this and forced them to depart for Asia to seek out their enemies there.
Once in Asia, all kinds of peoples gathered there, and…<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Page 21
Emperor Alexios I Komnenos has reached the end of his patience. The survivors of the People’s Crusade (those who had reached Constantinople) are received warmly by Alexios.<\/p>

He merely asks them to rest for a while and wait for the remainder of their forces. But as soon as they regain their strength, they fall back into their old habits: stealing and plundering. Even within the emperor’s own territory. Alexios has had enough and expels them from the city.<\/p>

He compels them to cross the Bosporus into Asia Minor\u2014straight into territory controlled by the Turks.<\/p>

Here, the emperor shows patience, but also realism\u2014he realizes that these people will ultimately destroy themselves. Once again, this confirms an important lesson: order prevails over chaos. Not undisciplined piety, but disciplined devotion.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Page 22
comme ils \u00e9toient oblig\u00e9 de vivre \u00e0 leur d\u00e9pens, et leur arm\u00e9e s\u2019augmenta de jour en jour de toute sorte de gens,
les vivres vinrent \u00e0 manquer, alors il s\u2019\u00e9leva une r\u00e9volte; les Allemands et les Italiens se s\u00e9par\u00e8rent de l\u2019hermite et ils reconnurent pour Chef un nomm\u00e9 Renaldrum.
L\u2019hermite ne se fioit plus de rester aupr\u00e8s de tous ces gens-l\u00e0, il se retira \u00e0 Constantinople pour t\u00e2cher d\u2019avoir des vivres.
Pendant ce tems-l\u00e0 Solimans\u2026<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Page 22
Because they were required to live at their own expense, and because their army grew day by day with people of every kind, their supplies soon ran out. Then a revolt broke out: the Germans and the Italians separated themselves from the Hermit and acknowledged a certain Renaldrum as their leader.<\/p>

The Hermit no longer dared to remain among all those people. He withdrew to Constantinople in an attempt to obtain provisions.<\/p>

Meanwhile, Soliman began…<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Page 22.
Division and disorder continue to spread. Rebellion, despair, and hunger increase the chaos, and the group becomes increasingly divided. (Divide and rule.) One faction chooses a new leader: Renaldrum.<\/p>

Peter the Hermit flees back to Constantinople, abandoning his followers.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Page 23
le fameux Roi des Turcs arriva avec ses troupes reguli- ers, jugez, dans quelle d\u00e9tresse pouvoit \u00eatre ce petit monceau
de troupes mal command\u00e9es et dans une si triste et d\u00e9plorable situation, apr\u00e8s avoir pris deux ou trois petites vil-les, il tomba sur eux. D\u2019une terrible fureur il en fit une tuerie et prit tous ceux qui y avoient \u00e9chapp\u00e9 prisonnier, avec leur
Commandant Renaldos, dont ils embrass\u00e8rent la plus grande partie la loi Mahom\u00e9tane.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Page 23
The famous King of the Turks arrived with his regular troops. One can imagine the desperate situation in which this small group of poorly led soldiers now found themselves. In this sad and pitiful condition, after they had captured two or three small towns, he attacked them. In terrible fury he carried out a massacre and took all those who survived prisoner, together with their commander Renaldos, most of whom accepted the Law of Muhammad.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Page 23
The “King of the Turks” refers to Sultan Soliman (more accurately Kilij Arslan), ruler of the Seljuk Sultanate in Asia Minor. He commanded a genuine, well-trained army\u2014in sharp contrast to the untrained multitude of Pierre’s followers. He crushed them and slaughtered them. The survivors, together with their leader, converted to Islam out of fear for their lives.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Page 24
Et ce grand nombre d\u2019hommes plus de 100000 fut detruit, jusqu\u2019au nombre de 3000. Tous bons guerriers qui s\u2019\u00e9c-
chapperent et s\u2019en retourn\u00e8rent \u00e0 Constantinople, voil\u00e0 la suite de la premi\u00e8re Exp\u00e9dition.
Le 3\u1d49 Convoi, Godescalcus, un Pr\u00eatre allemand en fut le conducteur, et il suivit l\u2019exemple de Pierre l\u2019hermite et pr\u00eacha la Croisade dans l\u2019allemagne, et il assembla le nombre de 15000 hommes,<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Page 24
And this great multitude of more than 100,000 people was destroyed until only 3,000 remained. These were all capable warriors who managed to escape and return to Constantinople. This was the continuation of the first expedition.
The third column was led by Godescalcus, a German priest. He followed the example of Peter the Hermit and preached the Crusade throughout Germany. He gathered an army of approximately 15,000 men…<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Page 24
Godescalcus (Gottschalk) is a historically known German priest. Around the year 1096, he led his own People’s Crusade, somewhat later than Peter the Hermit. His followers consisted mainly of German peasants\u2014partly fanatics, partly opportunists\u2014and very few actual soldiers. They marched through Bohemia and Austria, where they carried out extensive plundering, and were eventually almost entirely destroyed near Vienna or in Hungary.<\/p>

Here we are reading a broad European overview of the movements that preceded the official Crusade.<\/p>

\u2705 He followed the example of Peter the Hermit \u2014 this is crucial. The manuscript describes three waves before the official Crusade:
1. Walter Sans Avoir (Gualtiero Sansavoir)
2. Peter the Hermit
3. Godescalcus
All three were:
* devout
* charismatic
* not military leaders
* responsible for chaos and massacre
The implicit message is crystal clear:<\/p>

The Holy War cannot be sustained by religious zeal alone: God requires order.<\/strong><\/p>

This is why the monastic military orders would later emerge.
\u2705 “Il assembla 15.000 hommes” (“He assembled 15,000 men”) is consistent with medieval sources. Gottschalk’s army is commonly estimated at between 10,000 and 15,000 men.
\u2714 This marks the beginning of German participation in the Crusading movement.
\u2714 Here the later German knightly identity begins to take shape,
\u2192 eventually leading, among others, to the Teutonic Order.<\/p>

Thus, page 24 is the first moment in the manuscript where Germany, Crusading piety, and military necessity come together.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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From the Order's Treasury<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Between battles, pilgrimages and great historical events, it is often the small objects that tell the most fascinating stories. Every twenty-five pages we open the Order’s Treasury for a brief pause in our journey, before continuing with the beautifully handwritten manuscript of our monk from 1705.<\/p>

This time, we present one of the best-known symbols of the Order: the Templar Seal.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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The famous Templar Seal depicts two knights riding a single horse. For centuries, this was interpreted as a symbol of the poverty of the first Templars. Today, however, many historians see a deeper meaning. The seal most likely also represents the strong brotherhood within the Order and their dual vocation: warrior and monk.<\/p>

But the seal also served another, very practical purpose. It was not merely decorative; it was an official means of authenticating documents. During the Middle Ages, a seal represented authority, authenticity and trust.<\/p>

\u2720 Curious to learn the full story? Discover it in our feature The Templar Seal, where we explore the symbolism, use and history of this remarkable seal in greater detail. \u2720<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Page 25
mais ceux ci trouverent bien t\u00f4t leur sepulture dans la Hongrie : car ils ne furent pas sit\u00f4t arrivez dans ce pa\u00efs qu\u2019ils commencerent une vie barbare, ils voulurent mettre les Hongrois dans le harnois mais ils ont bientot eu d\u00e9truit ce petit monceau de troupes, une partie de tu\u00e9, et les autres mis \u00e0 la fuite, et la pluspart assomm\u00e9 en route.4\u1d49 Convois. il y avoit aussi un Comte en Allemagne nomm\u00e9 Emico, qui avoit aussi\u2026<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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But these men soon found their graves in Hungary, for they had scarcely arrived in that country before they began to live in a barbaric manner. They sought to subdue the Hungarians, but the Hungarians quickly destroyed this small force. Some were killed, others were driven into flight, and most were slain during their retreat. Fourth contingent. There was also a count in Germany named Emico, who likewise…<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Introduction to Count Emico of Leiningen. Count Emico of Leiningen was an infamous figure of the People’s Crusade. Claiming to have been called by God, he gathered thousands of followers and was responsible for large-scale massacres of Jewish communities along the route, most notably in Worms and Mainz.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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asembl\u00e9 une petite arm\u00e9e de freve de la Croisade, il s\u2019ase- ambl\u00e0 aussi des Lorrains et des Anglois, et d\u2019autre part du cost\u00e9 du Rhin, ainsi qu\u2019il est devenu Seigneur de 20000 hommes \u00e0 pied, et 3000 \u00e0 cheval. Le nombre des valets et des femmes et enfans n\u2019\u00e9- toit pas \u00e0 nombrer, ceux ci descharg\u00e8rent leur rage sur les ennemis de J\u00e9sus Christ. Ils masacr\u00e8rent les juifs d\u2019Alle- magne dans les villes o\u00f9 ils passerent, comme Cologne\u2026<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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He gathered a small crusading army, and Lotharingians, Englishmen, and others from the region along the Rhine also joined him, so that he became lord over more than 20,000 men on foot and 3,000 on horseback. The number of servants, women, and children could not be counted. The latter vented their fury upon the enemies of Jesus Christ. They murdered the Jews of Germany in the cities through which they passed, such as Cologne\u2026<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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\u2022 A small army \u279c immediately became a force of 23,000 warriors. What began as a \u201csmall company\u201d grew explosively as groups from Lotharingia, England, and the Rhine region joined them.\u00a0
\u2022 Here we see the typical dynamic of religious popular movements: a charismatic leader + a religious call = a massive influx of followers.\u2022 Here we see the typical dynamic of religious popular movements: a charismatic leader + a religious call = a massive influx of followers.<\/p>

\u00a0<\/p>

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Mayence, Worms, et autres villes plus de 12000 ils pillerient tous leurs butins et les
mirent par leur procedure dans un tel desespoir qu\u2019ils se tuerent eux memes avec femmes et enfans, ainsi ils
poursuivirent leur chemin dans la Hongrie, et come ils y furent arriv\u00e9, les hongrois
se ressouvirent des autres qui avoit pass\u00e9 avant eux, ils leurs refuserent le passage,
alors ils se mirent \u00e0 assieger la ville de Mersbourg qui est<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Mainz, Worms, and other towns. More than 12,000 people were plundered; they were stripped of all their possessions and driven by such treatment into such despair that they took their own lives, together with their women and children. They then continued their journey through Hungary. When they arrived there, the Hungarians remembered those who had passed before them and refused them passage. Thereupon they began to besiege the town of Mersbourg, which is\u2026<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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\u2022 Mayence = Mainz, Worms \u279c These are precisely the cities where Count Emicho and his followers carried out the infamous anti-Jewish pogroms in 1096. The manuscript mentions this explicitly and without attempting to justify it.<\/span><\/p>

\u2022 \u201cplus de 12000\u201d \u279c The number is probably exaggerated (as was common in medieval sources), but it clearly points to widespread violence and total social devastation.<\/p>

\u2022 \u201cils se tuerent eux m\u00eames avec femmes et enfans\u201d \u279c This refers to historical accounts that Jewish communities committed collective suicide to escape forced conversion and violence. It is one of the darkest chapters of the People’s Crusades.<\/p>

\u2022 The author’s tone is condemnatory, not triumphant. \u279c He shows what uncontrolled and disorderly religious zeal can lead to.<\/p>

\u2022 The transition to Hungary once again marks:
\u2192 distrust
\u2192 closed borders
\u2192 escalation \u2192 siege<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Sur les frontieres de la Hongrie, mais pendant le siege, ils leurs vint une si grande et terrible frayeur qu\u2019ils prirent tous la fuite, la plus grande partie
furent no\u00ef\u00e9 dans la Frai et \u00e9touff\u00e9 dans les marets, les autres furent tu\u00e9 des paisans hongrois, enfin il n\u2019en revint
que fort peu. Second convoi qui etoit tres
bien regl\u00e9 et command\u00e9 par Robert Duc de la Normandie, et Etienne Comte de Chartre et Eustasie Comte de Boulogne<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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At the borders of Hungary, but during the siege, they were seized by such great and terrible fear that they all fled. Most of them drowned in the River Frait and suffocated in the marshes; the others were killed by Hungarian peasants. In the end, only very few returned. The second contingent, which was very well organised, was led by Robert, Duke of Normandy, and Stephen, Count of Chartres, and Eustace, Count of Boulogne.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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1\ufe0f\u20e3 Complete destruction of Emicho\u2019s group. This concludes the story of Count Emicho and his people\u2019s army:
\u2022 panic
\u2022 flight
\u2022 drowning
\u2022 suffocation
\u2022 death at the hands of peasants (not soldiers!)
\u2022 \u201cil n\u2019en revint que fort peu\u201d \u2192 almost no one survived
The writer shows no heroism here, but rather: moral disintegration \u2192 chaos \u2192 total destruction<\/p>

2\ufe0f\u20e3 Theological undertone (subtle but clear). The sequence is important:
\u2022 violence against the innocent
\u2022 pride
\u2022 lack of order
\u2192 God\u2019s protection disappears
\u2192 fear takes over
It is not an explicit sermon, but a moral chain of cause and effect.<\/p>

3\ufe0f\u20e3 Crucial transition: Second convoi. Everything changes in a single sentence.
After chaos \u2192 order
After Emicho \u2192 true nobles
After popular fury \u2192 organised knighthood
The author deliberately creates a contrast: People\u2019s Crusade Second convoi disorganised tr\u00e8s bien regl\u00e9 religious frenzy discipline charismatic layman noble leaders destruction (implicit) hope<\/p>

4\ufe0f\u20e3 The three names (highly significant)
\u2022 Robert, Duke of Normandy
\u2192 son of William the Conqueror
\u2192 experienced military leader
\u2022 \u00c9tienne (Stephen), Count of Chartres
\u2192 well-documented crusader
\u2192 will later fail and return home (an interesting contrast later)
\u2022 Eustace, Count of Boulogne
\u2192 brother of Godfrey of Bouillon
\u2192 direct line to Jerusalem
\u27a1\ufe0f This is the moment when the true First Crusade begins.<\/p>

\ud83d\udd11 Important for the broader narrative. This manuscript does something very precise: it first shows everything going wrong, and then demonstrates that holy warfare requires order, obedience and leadership.
This is exactly the soil in which the Templars would later take root.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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avec Robert Comte de Flandre marcherent sous la conduite de Hugo frere de Philippe Roi de France, ils prirent leur route par l\u2019Italie et
s\u2019embarquerent en Orient, mais comme l\u2019hiver les surpris, ils furent oblig\u00e9 de
passer le Quartier d\u2019hiver dans la Calabrie le Prince Hugues qui \u00e9toit fort jeune trouva le tems long, il voulu partir pour Constantinople, et y vouloir faire des preparations pour l\u2019arriv\u00e9e<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Together with Robert, Count of Flanders, they advanced under the leadership of Hugh, brother of Philip, King of France. They chose their route through Italy and embarked for the East. But because winter overtook them, they were obliged to spend the winter in Calabria. Prince Hugh, who was very young, found the waiting long; he wished to depart for Constantinople to make preparations there for the arrival\u2026<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Here we see a different type of leader: someone who organises, looks ahead, anticipates and plans. That is why a different route is chosen. Not out of arrogance, but from practical insight and order. At this stage, the arrival of Godfrey of Bouillon is being prepared.<\/p>

This concerns Robert, Count of Flanders, and Hugh, the young brother of Philip I, King of France. They do not choose a long and uncertain overland route, but the sea route via Italy. When winter overtakes them, they wisely decide to spend the winter in Calabria.<\/p>

Hugh, young and impatient, finds the waiting difficult. He decides to travel ahead to Constantinople to make preparations for what is to come. Constantinople is the gateway between East and West, the residence of Emperor Alexius, a diplomatic centre and a crucial logistical axis.
Through this preparation, chaos is prevented: the arrival is organised and authority is acknowledged. It concerns the arrival of the great western armies, including Godfrey of Bouillon and his brothers.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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de ses troupes, l\u2019Empereur Alexius le receu, mais il le regarda comme un disciple pour lui, il le fit mettre aux arets avec toute sa suite. On voiois qui \u00e9toit le
conducteur que Dieu avoit destinez Goffroi de Bouillon, \u00e0 qui l\u2019Empereur Henri peu de tems avant lui avoit donn\u00e9 la base Lorraine, qui \u00e9toit du cot\u00e9 du
Brabant pour le defraier dans ce voiage et il avoit vendu la Comt\u00e9 de Bouillionne<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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With his troops, he was received by Emperor Alexios, but the emperor regarded him as a subordinate. He therefore had him and his entire retinue placed under supervision. It then became clear who the leader was whom God had destined: Godfrey of Bouillon, to whom Emperor Henry had, some time earlier, granted the Duchy of Lower Lorraine, which bordered Brabant, enabling him to bear the costs of this journey. He had also sold the County of Bouillon.<\/p>

\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Hugh, the king\u2019s younger brother, is regarded by Emperor Alexios as a subordinate, and the emperor places him and his retinue under supervision. Emperor Alexios recognised that Godfrey had a divine destiny \u27a4 nobility and rank \u2260 leadership \u27a4 Godfrey possessed wealth, land and status. He sold his own County of Bouillon for God and for this Crusade = a great personal sacrifice.
Without any safety net. Without any guarantee \u27a4 That is radical devotion.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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\ud83d\udc46\ud83c\udffbThe oath of allegiance of Godfrey of Bouillon to the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos in Constantinople in 1097, painted by Alexandre Hesse in 1842.<\/pre>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Bouillonne \u00e0 l\u2019Evesque de Lutich et son Duch\u00e9 au Duc de Limbourg, et comme il \u00e9toit un homme de grand esprit on lui confia toutes la Noblesse et les plus braves troupes de la France et de la Flandre, ainsi que son arm\u00e9e \u00e9toit du nombre de 70000 \u00e0 pied et 10000 \u00e0
cheval, et peu de libertins il passa partout parce qu\u2019il marchoit en bon ordre et pay-
oit tout pour l\u2019argent, il passa la Hongrie et la Bulgarie sans accident jus qu\u2019\u00e0 la fronti\u00e8re<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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He gave, or transferred, Bouillon to the Bishop of Li\u00e8ge and his duchy to the Duke of Limburg. Because he was a man of great understanding, the entire nobility and the bravest troops of France and Flanders were entrusted to him. His army numbered 70,000 men on foot and 10,000 on horseback. There were only a few unruly men among them. He was able to travel everywhere because he marched in good order and paid for everything with money. In this way, he passed through Hungary and Bulgaria without incident, as far as the border.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Here our monk deliberately presents Godfrey of Bouillon as:
\u2022 \u201cun homme de grand esprit\u201d \u2192 not only courageous, but wise
\u2022 someone entrusted with the nobility and the finest troops
\u2022 not a brutal warlord, but a force that creates order
This connects seamlessly with the contrast between Godfrey\u2019s army and the earlier People\u2019s Crusades: \u2192 chaos \u2192 plundering \u2192 destruction.<\/p>
Opposed to this: \u2192 order \u2192 discipline \u2192 safe passage. The great difference is order and payment. Two sentences are crucial here: \u201cil marchoit en bon ordre\u201d and \u201cil payoit tout pour l\u2019argent\u201d. This is not merely a detail, but a moral statement: he does not plunder \u2013 he respects foreign territory \u2013 he keeps his men under control.<\/p>
Therefore: \u201cil passa partout\u201d \u2192 he is allowed to pass \u2192 without conflict and bloodshed.\u00a0 This is exactly the lesson learned from the People\u2019s Crusade. The word libertins here means: \u2022 unruly individuals
\u2022 undisciplined followers \u2022 morally unreliable elements.
The author explicitly writes: \u201cpeu de libertins\u201d \u2192 Godfrey\u2019s army is purified, selected and controlled.<\/p>
The numbers, 70,000 + 10,000, present this as a worthy, legitimate and God-fearing army, in contrast with the earlier excesses.<\/p>
God does not go with the largest crowd, but with the most orderly and faithful. This is precisely the spirit from which the following would later arise:<\/p>
monastic discipline + knightly obedience + sacred order<\/p>
\u27a4 from disorder \u2192 to dignity
\u27a4 from a mass of people \u2192 to leadership
\u27a4 from chaos \u2192 to sacred order<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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\ud83d\udc46\ud83c\udffbPainting depicting the sale of the Fortress of Bouillon to the Bishop of Li\u00e8ge. The painting hangs in the fortress of Bouillon itself.<\/pre>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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de l\u2019Empereur Grec, c\u2019est l\u00e0 o\u00f9 il apris la triste nouvelle, que le Prince Hugue etoit aux arets, alors il se resolut de piller les fauxbourgs de Constantinoples et de
mettre le siege devant la ville, l\u2019Empereur Allexius se sentant press\u00e9 de pres il remis le Prince hugue en libert\u00e9.
7\u1d49 Convois comand\u00e9 par Rocmundus Duc de Normandie de Tarento, avec ses Italiens et Normans qui estoit du nombre de 10000 \u00e0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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At the court of the Greek emperor, he received the sorrowful news that Prince Hugh had been imprisoned. He then decided to plunder the suburbs of Constantinople and lay siege to the city. Emperor Alexius, feeling closely threatened, had Prince Hugh set free again.
Seventh column, led by Rocmundus, Duke of Normandy and of Taranto, with his Italians and Normans, who numbered
10,000 \u2026<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Tensions between West and East: the alliance between the crusaders and Byzantium is fragile. Godfrey hears that Hugh is being held prisoner. (that is the translation, although it is more a matter of being kept under guard) This is interpreted as betrayal, abuse of power and injustice against a Christian prince. Godfrey\u2019s response is threatening: plundering the suburbs and laying siege to Constantinople. That is extreme \u2014 this is a Christian city.
Alexius\u2019 pragmatism: Emperor Alexius I Komnenos is portrayed here as astute, politically realistic and willing to avoid conflict when necessary. He senses: \u201cse sentant press\u00e9 de pr\u00e8s\u201d. \u2192 the threat is real \u2192 the situation could escalate. His solution is not military but diplomatic: Hugh is released. This is typical Byzantine statesmanship: no concern for honour – no chivalric pride – but stability above all.

Godfrey as guardian of the boundary: he threatens, but does not actually plunder the city. Godfrey protects his people, yet does not cross the sacred boundary \u2192 He enforces justice. \u2192 without causing irreparable damage. This is Godfrey as he truly is: a just leader, not a reckless warlord.

The \u201c7\u1d49 Convois\u201d changes the tone once again: from diplomacy, threats and imperial tension \u2192 to military structure, new leaders and clearly defined armies. Rocmundus Duc de Normandie de Tarento is Bohemond of Taranto, son of Robert Guiscard. One of the most experienced military leaders of the crusade. His introduction signifies: the professionalisation of the war – real battles – strategic thinking. Italians + Normans \u2192 the Normans of southern Italy \u2192 hardened by war.
In one sentence: tension between Christian powers + Godfrey\u2019s moral authority + Byzantine diplomacy + the announcement of Bohemond. Everything is now ready for the true military phase of the crusade.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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cheval, et 15000 \u00e0 pied ils <\/span>partirent par eaux dans le pa\u00efs de grecs. 8\u1d49 Convois par Raimond Comte de Toulouse qui avoit
des troupes de la Lombardie Gascogne, et de la Toulouse avec des Espagnols plus de 100000 hommes et il prit son chemin par la Lombardie et la Dalmatie.
9\u1d49 et dernier convoi \u00e9toit compos\u00e9 de la Noblesse fran\u00e7oise qui \u00e9toit pour la 
conduite du Prince Hugue en<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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on horseback, and 15,000 on foot; they departed by water for the land of the Greeks.
Eighth column, under the command of Raymond, Count of Toulouse, who had troops from Lombardy, Gascony and Toulouse,
together with Spaniards \u2014 more than
100,000 men. He took his route through Lombardy and Dalmatia. The ninth and final column was composed of the French nobility, who were intended for
the command of Prince Hugh\u2026<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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From a logistical point of view, the water route was chosen deliberately. The previous journey over land had been catastrophic. Both those on horseback and those on foot travelled by water to Byzantine territory. This was a conscious decision to spread the risks and learn from earlier mistakes: travelling over land had led to catastrophe, hunger and plundering. This is no longer a pious procession, but an organised movement of troops.

Raymond of Toulouse, the southern counterpart, appears here as the leader of the southern European forces – Lombardy, Gascony, Toulouse and Spain – an internationally composed army. Importantly, Raymond was older \u2013 experienced – politically influential – deeply religious, but less idealistic than Godfrey. He represents steadfastness and sheer numbers.
The route: Lombardy and Dalmatia \u2192 safe, familiar passages \u2192 controllable supplies \u2192 maritime support. This is the opposite of the People\u2019s Crusade: not impulse, but planning.
The 9\u1d49 column: French nobility & Prince Hugh. Very subtle and important: \u201ccompos\u00e9 de la Noblesse fran\u00e7oise\u201d. This is not a people\u2019s army, nor a religious multitude, but a concentrated elite.
Their connection to Prince Hugh restores his honour after the earlier incident and makes him visible once again as a leader. But within a collective body of nobles, not as a solitary figure. Hugh is supported by structure, not driven by impulse.
All the columns have now been named. Every region has its leader. Every route has been carefully considered. Every earlier mistake has been corrected.<\/p>

We now stand on the threshold of: \ud83d\udc49 the First Crusade as an actual military reality.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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talie en quartier d\u2019hyver qui furent command\u00e9 par Robert Duc de Normandie, poursuivirent leur chemin droite \u00e0 Constantinople, et comme ils y furent arriv\u00e9, alors Goffroi fit l\u2019accomodement avec l\u2019Empereur Alexis en lui proposant qu\u2019il n\u2019avoit pas de la canaille
dans ses troupes comme Pierre l\u2019hermite, et que c\u2019\u00e9toit tous des braves gens qu\u2019il conduisoit, alors l\u2019Empereur Alexius qui \u00e9toit bien embarrass\u00e9 de voir une si formidable arm\u00e9e de<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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In Italy they took up their winter quarters; they were under the command of Robert, Duke of Normandy. They then continued on their way directly to Constantinople. When they arrived there, Godfrey reached an agreement with Emperor Alexius, pointing out to him that there was no rabble among his troops, as there had been with Peter the Hermit, but that he commanded only brave men. Thereupon Emperor Alexius, who was greatly troubled at the sight of such a formidable army of\u2026<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Winter quarters = mature warfare. It prevents exhaustion, preserves discipline and demonstrates strategic patience. This is professional leadership, not pious haste.<\/p>
Godfrey as a diplomat. \u201cGoffroi fit l\u2019accomodement avec l\u2019Empereur Alexis.\u201d Godfrey: chooses negotiation, not coercion; explicitly distinguishes himself from Peter the Hermit; defends the moral quality of his army.
This is rhetoric, but also truth: no unruly crowd, no lawlessness, no religious frenzy \u2192 This is order, honour and discipline.<\/p>
\u201cPas de la canaille\u201d \u2192 Godfrey deliberately distances himself here from: earlier failures; morally derailed crusading expeditions.
In effect, Godfrey is saying: \u201cI do not bring chaos, but responsibility.\u201d
Emperor Alexius is \u201cbien embarrass\u00e9\u201d. Not angry. Not hostile. But apprehensive. He sees: an enormous power; well organised; religiously motivated; not controlled by him. That makes this moment historically explosive.<\/p>
Godfrey is the central figure. He combines: military authority; moral superiority; diplomatic restraint. This is the kind of leadership from which the monastic military order would later emerge: the Knights Templar.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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devant la porte de la ville, et quie la craignoit bien plus que celle du grand Turc il fit une alliance autant qu\u2019il put avec Goffroi de bouillon et lui promis de lui fournir des provisions de bouche autant qu\u2019il en pourroit fournir afin qu\u2019il arrive heureusement \u00e0 leur sainte entreprise et de plus qu\u2019il assembleroit une arm\u00e9e et qu\u2019il la conduiroit lui m\u00eame en personne, et qu\u2019il les iroit rejoindre pour les assister \u00e0 reprendre les Villes qui sont sous la puissance des Turques<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Before the gates of the city; and because he feared this power more than that of the Great Turk, he entered, as far as he could, into an alliance with Godfrey of Bouillon and promised to provide him with provisions, as much as he was able to supply, so that he might safely reach their holy undertaking. Moreover, he promised to raise an army, to lead it personally and to join them in order to help them recover the cities that were under the power of the Turks.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Emperor Alexius knows the Turks: their Muslim faith; their tactics; their wars; their borders. He sees Godfrey\u2019s army: it is Christian, Western, enormous, extremely disciplined. AND it is standing before his gates. BUT this is not just any army. Not only because of the qualities just mentioned, but also because this army is more of a partner on equal footing, in terms of purpose and devotion: to restore Christian power in territories that had been conquered by the Muslims.<\/p>
So Emperor Alexius enters into an alliance with Godfrey. He does this through three things:
1. He supplies Godfrey with provisions
\u2192 food = power
\u2192 whoever supplies food, influences<\/p>
2. He binds him to a shared objective
\u2192 \u201ctheir holy undertaking\u201d
\u2192 Jerusalem, not Constantinople<\/p>
3. He promises to take part personally
\u2192 he does not merely send troops
\u2192 he commits his imperial honour<\/p>
This is diplomacy at the highest level. And why with Godfrey rather than the others? \u2192 Godfrey is not a plunderer \u2192 He maintains order \u2192 He listens \u2192 He negotiates \u2192 He possesses moral authority. Emperor Alexius sees: if there is anyone I can trust, it is him. But also: if there is anyone I must bind to me, it is him.
That is precisely why Godfrey.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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qui appartiennent au Royaume me de Jerusalem au benefice de la Croisade mesme il en fit
serment, mais le Comte Raimond de Toulouse ne voulut pas ajouter foi \u00e0 ce serment c\u2019est pourquoi l\u2019Empereur Alexius tomba de nuit dans son Camp et ruina ses troupes mais les troupes de Raimond
se sont si bien tenu qu\u2019ils ont repousser les grecs.
l\u2019an 1097 l\u2019on fit la premiere entreprise, et c\u2019\u00e9toit presque tous des fran\u00e7ois, il mit le<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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They were to belong to the Kingdom of Jerusalem, for the benefit of the Crusade; he even swore an oath to this. But Count Raymond of Toulouse refused to put his trust in this oath. Therefore, Emperor Alexius attacked his camp during the night and scattered his troops. But Raymond\u2019s troops held their ground so well that they drove the Greeks back. In the year 1097, the first undertaking began, and almost all of them were French; he placed the\u2026<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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The Crusader leaders \u2013 Godfrey, Bohemond of Taranto, Robert of Normandy, Stephen of Blois and Raymond of Toulouse \u2013 were required to swear an oath to Emperor Alexius that, if territories were reconquered which had formerly belonged to Byzantium, these would be returned to Byzantine rule. This applied, for example, to Nicaea, cities in Asia Minor and former Byzantine provinces. Raymond of Toulouse took the oath only partially and with reservations. He distrusted Alexius.
Emperor Alexius carried out a night attack on Raymond\u2019s camp in order to put pressure on him. It was a show of power and a warning. But Raymond remained disciplined, did not allow the situation to escalate, kept his forces in good order and drove the Greeks back.<\/p>
Here we clearly see the tension between: * East and West * Rome and Byzantium * Oath and conscience * Order and political manipulation<\/p>
What we learn: Not every Christian power acts justly, and not every refusal is disobedience.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Si\u00e8ge devant Nic\u00e9e, Ville Capitale des Turcs qui est en Bithanie, c\u2019est l\u00e0 o\u00f9 la plus grande partie de l\u2019arm\u00e9e s\u2019assembla, et elle \u00e9toit du nombre de 60000 hommes \u00e0 pied, et 10000 \u00e0 cheval, s\u2019en
compter femmes et enfants et voleurs, coquins, pr\u00eatres et valets. Cette Ville se d\u00e9fendit vigoureu-
sement pendant 52 jours, l\u2019Empereur Soliment junior y voulut aussi mettre une garnison de 40000 hommes mais il fut repouss\u00e9 avec\u2026<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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The siege of Nicaea, capital of the Turks, situated in Bithynia. There the greater part of the army assembled, numbering about 60,000 men on foot and 10,000 on horseback, not counting women and children, thieves, rogues, priests and servants. The city defended itself vigorously for 52 days. Emperor Soliman the Younger also wished to bring a garrison of 40,000 men into the city, but he was driven back with\u2026<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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\ud83d\udc46\ud83c\udffb Battle of Nicaea 1097, The siege lasted 52 days, from May to June 1097<\/pre>
\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Nicaea \u2013 present-day \u0130znik \u2013 marks the true beginning of the First Crusade. Nicaea was the capital of the Seljuk Turks. It had been lost to the Turks since 1081. For Emperor Alexius, the city was therefore of symbolic, strategic and existential importance. Nicaea was the first major joint operation between Byzantium and the Western Crusaders: Emperor Alexius together with Godfrey and the other leaders. The army consisted of 60,000 foot soldiers and 10,000 horsemen.<\/p>
The siege lasted 52 days, from May to June 1097 \u2013 approximately seven weeks. Nicaea had strong walls, lay beside a lake and could be supplied by water. This is why the city was able to hold out for so long. Sultan Kilij Arslan attempted to relieve Nicaea and bring in reinforcements, but failed and was driven back.<\/p>
This was the first major victory of the First Crusade.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Vaincus par plusieurs reprises et il perdit d\u2019une attaque 4000 hommes, donc l\u2019on jetta les t\u00eates de ces Barbares dans la Ville pour effraier les habitans, apr\u00e8s avoir fait breche la Ville se rendit, et toute la garnison, mais l\u2019\u00e9pouse de
Soliman et ses enfants furent mis en discretion non pas aux fran\u00e7ois, mais \u00e0 l\u2019Empereur Alexius qui s\u2019i avoit trouv\u00e9 en personne. Apr\u00e8s la prise de la Ville de\u2026<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Defeated several times, he lost 4,000 men in an attack. Therefore, the heads of these barbarians were thrown into the city in order to frighten the inhabitants. After a breach had been made, the city surrendered, as did the entire garrison. But Soliman\u2019s wife and his children were placed under the protection \u2014 not of the French, but of Emperor Alexius, who was personally present there. After the capture of the city of\u2026<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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\u2720 The Siege of Nicaea in 1097 was the first major joint military operation of the First Crusade \u2720<\/span>
\u2720 This siege is explained under Battles in the History section \u2720<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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An important point on this page: Soliman\u2019s family was placed under the protection of Emperor Alexius \u27a4 Nicaea was conquered through a joint military effort, but Emperor Alexius personally ensured, through agreements made behind closed doors, that the city passed into Byzantine hands \u2014 something that was perceived in Western Europe as a profound breach of trust \u27a4 the French were excluded, which was enough to justify their distrust.<\/p>
Raymond of Toulouse sees his distrust confirmed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Nis\u00e9e ils continu\u00e8rent leur route du c\u00f4t\u00e9 de la Syrie, mais comme l\u2019arm\u00e9e \u00e9toit trop grande ils furent oblig\u00e9 de se s\u00e9parer en deux Corps d\u2019arm\u00e9e, l\u2019un command\u00e9 Goffroi et l\u2019autre Boemundus qui soutenoient la droite et l\u2019autre la gauche en chemin Boemund dus fut attaqu\u00e9 des turcs, dans la vall\u00e9e de Gorgonie et comme les turcs \u00e9toient plus puissant en Cavaleries que l\u2019arm\u00e9e de la Croisade ils<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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After Nicaea, they continued on their way towards Syria. But because the army was too large, they were forced to divide into two army corps: one under the command of Godfrey, the other under Bohemond, with one keeping to the right side of the march and the other to the left. Along the way, Bohemond was attacked by the Turks in the valley of Gorgonie. And since the Turks were stronger in cavalry than the army of the Crusade, they\u2026<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Nis\u00e9e = Nicaea (old spelling)
Boemundus = Bohemond of Taranto
Gorgonie = Dorylaeum (an outdated\/confused name in this manuscript)<\/p>
Nicaea is behind them. The alliance with Emperor Alexius comes to an end; he returns. The crusaders continue independently, towards Syria, towards Jerusalem.
The army divides because of its great size. This is a military necessity: necessity and order. One force is under the leadership of Godfrey: organising, supportive and stabilising. The other is under the leadership of Bohemond: offensive, militarily astute and accustomed to fighting the Turks. Bohemond goes ahead and is attacked by the Turks\/Seljuks, with their fast cavalry, encirclement, hit-and-run tactics and skill.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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