{"id":7446,"date":"2026-04-10T21:40:10","date_gmt":"2026-04-10T19:40:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/nederlandsetempeliers.nl\/without-order\/"},"modified":"2026-04-10T23:24:41","modified_gmt":"2026-04-10T21:24:41","slug":"without-order","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/nederlandsetempeliers.nl\/en\/without-order\/","title":{"rendered":"Without order"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"7446\" class=\"elementor elementor-7446 elementor-7378\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8618475 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"8618475\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1499b46 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1499b46\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/nederlandsetempeliers.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/Frans-handschrift-\u2013-Eerste-Kruistocht-ca.-1705-1024x576.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-7377\" alt=\"Openliggend 18e-eeuws Frans handschrift over de Eerste Kruistocht, gefotografeerd op een houten tafel.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nederlandsetempeliers.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/Frans-handschrift-\u2013-Eerste-Kruistocht-ca.-1705-1024x576.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/nederlandsetempeliers.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/Frans-handschrift-\u2013-Eerste-Kruistocht-ca.-1705-300x169.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/nederlandsetempeliers.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/Frans-handschrift-\u2013-Eerste-Kruistocht-ca.-1705-768x432.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/nederlandsetempeliers.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/Frans-handschrift-\u2013-Eerste-Kruistocht-ca.-1705-1536x864.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/nederlandsetempeliers.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/Frans-handschrift-\u2013-Eerste-Kruistocht-ca.-1705.jpeg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0f13204 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"0f13204\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46898c8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"46898c8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Without order<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-27a0d61 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"27a0d61\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-747b3cf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"747b3cf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>When there was not yet order, nor any Rule\u2026<br><br><\/strong><br>Not all stories begin in order.<br>This small handwritten manuscript, written at the beginning of the 18th century, looks back on the First Crusade \u2014<br>a time in which many set out, burning with faith, yet without unity, without leadership.<br> <\/p><p>On these pages we do not read a tale of heroes, but what came before: confusion, division, and the absence of structure.<br>Page by page, an image unfolds here of a world still searching \u2014 for direction, for authority\u2026 for order. <\/p><p>What you see here is not a typical explanatory page. Before you lies a French manuscript from the year 1705, in which an unknown author \u2014 we believe a monk \u2014 reflects on the early developments leading up to the First Crusade. A small manuscript \u2014 with a great story.<br>On this page, the text is revealed step by step. <\/p><p>Per page you will find:<br>\u2013 on the left: a transcription of the original Old French text<br>\u2013 on the right: a translation into clear, accessible English<br>\u2013 below: a brief interpretation and explanation<\/p><p>The complete text is not presented all at once, but unfolds in sections of five pages.<br>Between these sections, markers in time indicate how the story develops.<br>The manuscript consists of a total of 126 pages.<br>The full text is not published at once, but grows over time \u2014 page by page. <\/p><p>Each Friday, we continue along the path of the First Crusade \u2014<br>with Godfrey of Bouillon, with Peter the Hermit,<br>we hear Pope Urban II, we travel to Constantinople, to Emperor Alexius\u2026<br>and so on \u2014 step by step \u2014 towards the goal. <br>The story will continue to unfold for those who return.<\/p><p><strong>Walk with us \u2014 into the First Crusade\u2026<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b36d10 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"8b36d10\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f09be68 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"f09be68\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"577\" height=\"234\" src=\"https:\/\/nederlandsetempeliers.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/Pieter-de-Kluizenaar.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-7380\" alt=\"Middeleeuwse pelgrimsstoet met ridders te paard en Pieter de Kluizenaar voorop, op weg tijdens de Eerste Kruistocht\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nederlandsetempeliers.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/Pieter-de-Kluizenaar.jpeg 577w, https:\/\/nederlandsetempeliers.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/Pieter-de-Kluizenaar-300x122.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 577px) 100vw, 577px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-27de48a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"27de48a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-83dce93 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"83dce93\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Author\u2019s note: a brief summary of the history of the Holy War.<br>This is the beginning of the Crusade: how Godfrey of Bouillon took Jerusalem and was proclaimed king \u2014 yet refused the title.<br>On July 15, in the year of Our Lord 1099, on a Friday, at the very hour that Christ gave up His spirit.  <br>After this, the kingdom was ruled by nine kings, all of French origin.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2008ff48 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2008ff48\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;shape_divider_top&quot;:&quot;triangle&quot;,&quot;shape_divider_top_negative&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;shape_divider_bottom&quot;:&quot;triangle&quot;,&quot;shape_divider_bottom_negative&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shape elementor-shape-top\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-negative=\"true\">\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 100\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\">\n\t<path class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" d=\"M500.2,94.7L0,0v100h1000V0L500.2,94.7z\"\/>\n<\/svg>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shape elementor-shape-bottom\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-negative=\"true\">\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 100\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\">\n\t<path class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" d=\"M500.2,94.7L0,0v100h1000V0L500.2,94.7z\"\/>\n<\/svg>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-75b11a08\" data-id=\"75b11a08\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e43e945 elementor-widget__width-auto elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon\" data-id=\"e43e945\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-grip-lines\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6cf08909 elementor-widget__width-auto elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6cf08909\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">c. 1080<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f8507b3 elementor-widget__width-auto elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon\" data-id=\"1f8507b3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-grip-lines\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c9f8226 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"c9f8226\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7372577 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7372577\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-766375a elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"766375a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Original text (French)<br>Page 1. <br>L\u2019origine des Turcs les Turcs \u00e9toient une nations qui habitoit ci devant<br>dans une isle, qui se nomoit<br>Sarmadia Assiatica. Est de l\u00e0 ils se sont retirez dans un endroit qui se nome la Mar\u00e9e Caspium, o\u00f9 cette<br>endroit porte encore le Nom aujourd\u2019huy Turquestan, l\u00e0 ces peuples s\u2019entretenoient seulement de ce qu\u2019ils y eslioient. Sur tout quand ils se fesoit quelque desordre<br>dans\u2026  <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb3fd7b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cb3fd7b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-39e3639 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"39e3639\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"493\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/nederlandsetempeliers.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/Turkse-man-493x1024.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-7386\" alt=\"Turkse man\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nederlandsetempeliers.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/Turkse-man-493x1024.jpeg 493w, https:\/\/nederlandsetempeliers.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/Turkse-man-144x300.jpeg 144w, https:\/\/nederlandsetempeliers.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/Turkse-man.jpeg 524w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 493px) 100vw, 493px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-321a0d8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"321a0d8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-be5785c elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"be5785c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Page 1<br>The Turks were a people who once lived on an island,<br>called Sarmadia Asiatica.<br>From there, they withdrew<br>to a region near what is called the Caspian Sea,<br>where that land still bears the name Turkestan.<br>There, these people concerned themselves only<br>with what they cultivated and produced.*<br>Especially when unrest arose<br>in\u2026 <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d98c53a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"d98c53a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53568d4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"53568d4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Note: The English translation is accurate in content, but more strongly phrased than the original French text, which may cause a subtle nuance present in the original to be lost.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f56f661 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f56f661\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-21b002a elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"21b002a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"55\" src=\"https:\/\/nederlandsetempeliers.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/guirlande-300x55.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-7410\" alt=\"guirlande\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nederlandsetempeliers.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/guirlande-300x55.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/nederlandsetempeliers.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/guirlande-1024x189.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/nederlandsetempeliers.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/guirlande-768x142.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/nederlandsetempeliers.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/guirlande.jpeg 1534w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fa140fc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"fa140fc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-704344d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"704344d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8862dd9 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8862dd9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Original text (French)<br>Page 2. <br>\u2026dans les Royaumes voisins<br>Ils prenoient le parti de servir en qualit\u00e9 de Soldats. Ils s\u2019entretenoient seulement<br>du pillage qu\u2019ils rapportoient dans leur territoire. Dans le tems de l\u2019Empereur Otto 3. ce peuple ont est\u00e9 pris \u00e0 la solde par Mahomel, qui \u00e9toit Sultan Sarasin dans la Perse, dont l\u2019on \u00e9toit en guerre contre les Babyl- loniens, qui les appella<br>\u00e0 son secours. Sur la fin de\u2026    <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-86d6c3e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"86d6c3e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-98a7dfd elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"98a7dfd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"120\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/nederlandsetempeliers.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sultan-120x300.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-7388\" alt=\"sultan\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nederlandsetempeliers.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sultan-120x300.jpeg 120w, https:\/\/nederlandsetempeliers.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sultan-411x1024.jpeg 411w, https:\/\/nederlandsetempeliers.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sultan.jpeg 489w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 120px) 100vw, 120px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0bb0e6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c0bb0e6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-231298f elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"231298f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Page 2<br>\u2026in the neighbouring kingdoms, they chose to serve as soldiers. They lived solely from the plunder which they carried back to their own territory. In the time of Emperor Otto III,<br>this people was taken into service by Mahomel (Mahomet \/ Mohammed),<br>who was a Sultan and Saracen in Persia, where war was being waged against the Babylonians, who had called upon them for aid.<br>Towards the end of\u2026  <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-887b597 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"887b597\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2311fb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e2311fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Explanation (Page 2)<br>\u201cMahomel\u201d \u2192 likely a French form of Mahomet, meaning Mohammed.<br>It may also refer to a later Islamic ruler; the context develops further on. <br>Otto III reigned from 983\u20131002 \u2192 thus before the Crusades. The author appears to describe an early origin of Turkish soldiers in Persian service.<br>\u201cBabylonians\u201d \u2192 here likely used as a general term for peoples east of the Levant.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60c68c3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"60c68c3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c91646c elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c91646c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"55\" src=\"https:\/\/nederlandsetempeliers.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/guirlande-300x55.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-7410\" alt=\"guirlande\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nederlandsetempeliers.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/guirlande-300x55.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/nederlandsetempeliers.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/guirlande-1024x189.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/nederlandsetempeliers.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/guirlande-768x142.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/nederlandsetempeliers.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/guirlande.jpeg 1534w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Without order When there was not yet order, nor any Rule\u2026 Not all stories begin in order.This small handwritten manuscript, written at the beginning of the 18th century, looks back [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-7446","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - 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